METHODOLOGY

METHODOLOGY RESOURCES

The objective of this research methods workshop is to familiarize the participant with philosophical perspectives, research models, and methodological strategies and tools for the study of the human dimensions of management and organization. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods are examined to identify their contributions to theory and practice in management.  Particular attention is focused on the Internet and its consequences for research on organization behavior and theory.

TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

 INTRODUCTION.

THEMES
The Scientific Research Process: Foundations and Epistemology.
Research Strategies I:  Experimentation.
Research Strategies II:  Inductive Approaches.
Metaphors.
Grounded Theory.
Scenarios.
Measurement and Data Collection.
Sampling and Data Analysis.
Research Ethics in Social Sciences.

INTRODUCTION.

Berg, Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences, 2001. California State University. http://mthoyibi.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/qualitative-research-methods-for-the-social-sciences__bruce-l-berg-2001.pdf

Bhattacherjee, A., Social Science Research: Principles, Methods and Practices, 2012. University of South Florida Open Access Textbooks.
http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=oa_textbooks

BMC (open access journal)  Medical Research Methods : http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcmedresmethodol/

Creswell JW, Klassen AC, Plano Clark VL, Smith KC for the Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research. Best practices for mixed methods research in the health sciences. August 2011. National Institutes of Health. . http://obssr.od.nih.gov/mixed_methods_research

Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, Management Centre International, Reading, England: http://www.ejbrm.com/ 

Electronic Journal of Information Systems Evaluation: http://www.ejise.com/

Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation (Electronic Journal):   http://pareonline.net/

Heise, D., Causal Analysis, New York: John Wiley, 2001.

Jeanfreau, S. Appraising Qualitative Research in Health Education: Guidelines for Public Health Educators. 2010. National Institutes of Health Public Access. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3012622/

Journal of Statistics Education: http://www.amstat.org/publications/jse/

National Science Foundation (NSF),  Directorate for Education and Human Resources,  User-Friendly Handbook for Mixed Method Evaluations, 2002: http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2002/nsf02057/start.htm

National Institutes of Health, Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research, Qualitative Methods in Health Research:  Opportunities and Considerations in Application and Review , NIH Publication No. 02-5046,  2001:  http://obssr.od.nih.gov/pdf/Qualitative.pdf

Social Psychology Network- Research Methods and Statistics: http://www.socialpsychology.org/methods.htm

Trochim, W.,  The Research Methods Knowledge Base, Cincinnati: Atomic Dog Publishing,  2007:  http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/

Turoff, M., H. Linstone (eds.), The Delphi Method: Techniques and Applications, Information Systems Department, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 2002: http://www.is.njit.edu/pubs/delphibook/#toc 

UK Data Service. http://ukdataservice.ac.uk/

University of Manchester, methods@manchester: Research Methods in the Social Sciences. http://www.methods.manchester.ac.uk/

University of Southern California, Organizing your Social Science Research Paper, 2014. http://libguides.usc.edu/content.php?pid=83009&sid=615849

 

THEMES

The Scientific Research Process: Foundations and Epistemology.

References:

Feenberg, A., From Essentialism to Constructivism: Philosophy of Technology at the Crossroads, in E. Higgs, D.Strong,   A. Light (Eds.), Technology and the Good Life. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 2000.

Forster, M., Hard Problems in the Philosophy of Science: Idealization and Commensurability, dans R. Nola, H. Sankey (Eds.), After Popper, Kuhn & Feyerabend:  Issues in Theories of Scientific Method, Kluwer, 2000: http://philosophy.wisc.edu/forster/papers/Kuhn/Kuhn.htm

Foucault, M., The Archaeology of Knowledge (1969),  Introduction and Chapters 1-3,   Routledge, 1972: http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/fr/foucaul2.ht

Headland, T., Introduction: A Dialogue Between Kenneth Pike and Marvin Harris on Emics and Etics. Chapter 1 dans Emics and Etics: The Insider/Outsider Debate. (T. Headland, K. Pike, M. Harris, eds.)  13-27. Newbury Park, Ca.: Sage, 1990:   http://www.sil.org/~headlandt/ee-intro.htm

Séror, A., Simulation of Complex Organizational Processes: A Review of Methods and their Epistemological Foundations, Chapter in Simulating Societies: the Computer Simulation of Social Processes, J. Doran and G. Nigel Gilbert, editors, University College London Press,1994, pp.19-40. *  This chapter is cited in the following publications:
Byrne, D.,   Simulation - A Way Forward?,  Sociological Research Online, vol. 2(2), 1997:  http://www.socresonline.org.uk/2/2/4.html  
Meyer, D.,  Towards the Global:  Complexity, Topology and Chaos in Modelling, Simulation and Computation, 1997:  http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/chao-dyn/9710005 (PDF)

Schreier, M., N. Fielding (editors), 2001, Special Issue: Qualitative and Quantitative Research- Conjunctions and Divergences, FQS, 2(1): http://www.qualitative-research.net/fqs/fqs-e/inhalt1-01-e.htm  

Watkins, J., Popperian Ideas on Progress and Rationality in Science,   The Critical Rationalist, 2(2), 1997:  http://www.eeng.dcu.ie/~tkpw/tcr/volume-02/number-02/

Websites:

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, The Metaphysics Research Lab,   Stanford University , 2001:  http://plato.stanford.edu/contents.html
 

Research Strategies I :  Experimentation.

 

References:

Graham, G., Behaviorism, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2010: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/behaviorism/

Trochim, W., Experimental Design, in The Research Methods Knowledge Base:   http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/desexper.htm  

Woodward, J., Causation and Manipulability, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2008: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/causation-mani/

Websites:

Polson, D.,  Experimental Design:   Internal Validity,  a Tutorial, Athabasca University,  Psychology Centre, 1998-2014: http://server.bmod.athabascau.ca/html/Validity/index.shtml

Psychological Research on the Net-American Psychological Society: http://psych.hanover.edu/Research/exponnet.html 

Research Randomizer, 1997-2014 - Tutorial: http://www.randomizer.org/  

 

    Research Strategies II : Inductive Approaches.

References:

Turoff, M., S. Hiltz, Computer Based Delphi Processes, dans M. Adler, E. Ziglio (Eds.), Gazing Into the Oracle: The Delphi Method and Its Application to Social Policy and Public Health, London:  Kingsley Publishers, 1996: http://eies.njit.edu/~turoff/Papers/delphi3.html 

Wainwright, D.,  Can sociological research be qualitative, critical and valid? The Qualitative Report, 3(2), 1997:   http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR3-2/wain.html

Websites:

International Journal of Qualitative Methods. http://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/IJQM

Forum: Qualitative Social Research: http://www.qualitative-research.net/fqs/fqs-eng.htm 

Myers, M. D. "Qualitative Research in Information Systems," MIS Quarterly (21:2), June 1997, pp. 241-242. MISQ Discovery, archival version, June 1997, http://www.misq.org/supplements/. Association for Information Systems (AISWorld) Section on Qualitative Research in Information Systems, updated version, last modified: September 3, 2013  www.qual.auckland.ac.nz

The Qualitative Report. 1990-2014: : http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/index.html 
Qualitative Research Websites: http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/web.html

 

Metaphors.

References:

Aita, V., et al., Using Metaphor as a Qualitative Analytic Approach to Understand Complexity in Primary Care Research Qual Health Res December 2003: http://qhr.sagepub.com/content/13/10/1419.abstract

Cummings, W.,  Interdisciplinary Social Science - World History and Its Metaphors: The Case of World ‘Systems’. Electronic Journal of Sociology: 5 (2), 2000:  http://www.sociology.org/content/vol005.002/cummings.html

Kunt«, A., Presnall, M., Wandering the Tactical: From Interview to Intraview Qualitative Inquiry November 2012 18: 732-744, first published on September 11, 2012: http://qix.sagepub.com/content/18/9/732.abstract

Lakoff, G., Metaphor, Morality, and Politics, Social Research, 62(2), 1995: http://www.wwcd.org/issues/Lakoff.html

Scherer, A., et al., Getting Ahead of Illness: Using Metaphors to Influence Medical Decision Making,  Medical Decision Making, first published on March 10, 2014 : http://mdm.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/03/10/0272989X14522547.abstract

Schmitt, R.,  Notes Towards the Analysis of Metaphor, Forum: Qualitative Social Research, Volume 1, No. 1, Art. 20 – January 2000,  http://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/1130/2515

Schmitt, R., Systematic Metaphor Analysis as a Method of Qualitative Research, The Qualitative Report, 10(2), 2005:  http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR10-2/schmitt.pdf

Steger, T.,   The Stories Metaphors Tell: Metaphors as a Tool to Decipher Tacit Aspects in Narratives Field Methods February 2007 19: 3-23: http://fmx.sagepub.com/content/19/1/3.abstract

Websites: 

Grounded Theory.

References:

Urquhart, C., Strategies for Conversation and Systems Analysis in Requirements Gathering:
A Qualitative View of Analyst-Client Communication,  The Qualitative Report, 4 (1/2),  2000:
http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR4-1/urquhart.html

Websites:

Grounded Theory Review:  http://groundedtheoryreview.com/

Grounded Theory, Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grounded_theory

Scenarios.

References:

Laubacher,R.,   T.  Malone,  Two Scenarios for 21st Century Organizations:  Shifting Networks of Small Firms or All-Encompassing "Virtual Countries"? Working Paper 21C WP #001,  MIT Initiative on Inventing the Organizations of the 21st Century, 1997:  http://ccs.mit.edu/21c/21CWP001.html

Lempert, R., S. Popper, S. Bankes, Shaping the Next One Hundred Years: New Methods for Quantitative, Long-Term Policy Analysis, Pardee Center, Rand Corporation, 2003: http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR1626/

Morrison, J., Environmental Scanning, dans M. A. Whitely, J. D. Porter,  R. H. Fenske (eds.), A Primer for New Institutional Researchers, Association for Institutional Research, 1992, 86-99:
_____, I. Wilson,   Analyzing Environments and Developing Scenarios in Uncertain Times,  in M. W. Peterson, D. D. Dill, L. A. Mets, and associates (Eds.), Planning and Management for a Changing Environment, Jossey-Bass, 1997 :  http://horizon.unc.edu/courses/papers/JBChapter.asp
_____, J., I. Wilson, The Strategic Management Response to the Challenge of Global Change,   Didsbury, Howard (Ed.), Future Vision, Ideas, Insights, and Strategies,   Bethesda, MD, World Future Society, 1996:   http://horizon.unc.edu/courses/papers/Scenario_wksp.asp

Raskin, R., T. Banuri, G. Gallopin, P. Gutman, A. Hammond, R. Kates R. Swart, Great Transition : The Promise and Lure of the Times Ahead, Global Scenario Group, Stockholm Environment Insititute, Tellus Institute, 2002: http://www.gsg.org/ 

Van der Heijden, K.,  Scenarios, Strategies and the Strategy Process,    Center for Organizational Learning and Change, Nijenrode University, the Netherlands, 1997: http://econpapers.repec.org/paper/dgrnijrep/1997-01.htm

Websites:

Finland Futures Research Center: http://www.utu.fi/en/units/ffrc/Pages/home.aspx

Global Scenario Group: http://www.gsg.org/

The Great Transition Initiative: http://www.gtinitiative.org/

Environmental Scenario Analysis: Course materials offered at the Partnership for European Environmental Research (2009): http://www.peer.eu/projects/metier_training_courses/course_7_environmental_scenario_analysis/

Tellus Institute:  http://www.tellus.org/

 

Measurement and Data Collection.

References :

Gunn, H., Web-based Surveys: Changing the Survey Process, First Monday, 7(12), 2002: http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1014/935

Heise, D., Social Measurement, Classification and Scaling, Methodology section, 
International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2000: http://www.indiana.edu/~socpsy/papers/Measurement.htm 

Schonlau, M., R. Fricker, Jr., M. Elliott,   Conducting Research Surveys via E-mail and the Web, Rand Survey Research Group, 2001:  http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR1480/ 

Trochim, W., Measurement, in The Research Methods Knowledge Base: http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/measure.php
 

Websites:

International Personality Item Pool:   A Scientific Collaboratory for the Development of Advanced Measures of Personality and Other Individual Differences:  http://ipip.ori.org/ipip/index.htm

International Social Survey Programme:   http://www.gesis.org/en/services/data/

Online Social Psychology Studies-Social Psychology Network:  http://www.socialpsychology.org/expts.htm

Princeton University Survey Research Center: http://www.princeton.edu/~psrc/

Swiss Information and Data Archive Service for the Social Sciences (SIDOS): http://nesstar.sidos.ch/

U.S. Census Bureau, Measuring the Electronic Economy: http://www.census.gov/eos/www/ebusiness614.htm

Sampling and Data Analysis.

References :

Arsham, H.,   Statistical Thinking for Managerial Decisions, Business Center, University of Baltimore, 2009:   http://home.ubalt.edu/ntsbarsh/Business-stat/opre504.htm

Croarkin, C., P. Tobias, Engineering Statistics Handbook, U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)/Sematec, 2006:  http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/index.html 

Heise, D., Causal Analysis. (Electronic Edition. Original publication: 1975, New York: Wiley.) Bloomington, Indiana, 2001: http://php.indiana.edu/~heise/home.html

Hopkins, W. G. (2013). A new view of statistics. Internet Society for Sport Science: http://www.sportsci.org/resource/stats/ 

Kirkwood, C., System Dynamics Methods: A Quick Introduction, Arizona State University, 1998: http://www.public.asu.edu/~kirkwood/sysdyn/SDIntro/SDIntro.htm 

Motulsky, H., Christopoulos, A.,  Fitting Models to Biological Data using Linear and Nonlinear Regression, GraphPad Software, Inc., 2003: http://curvefit.com/index.htm

StatSoft, Inc. (2013). Electronic Statistics Textbook. Tulsa, OK: StatSoft.  http://www.statsoft.com/textbook/

SPSS Tutorial (2014) Econometrics Academy:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gdk1gN81CTM

See also Databases.

Websites:

Rice Virtual Lab in Statistics: http://onlinestatbook.com/rvls.html

SocioSite, Social Science Information System, University of Amsterdam, Research Methodology and Statistics: http://www.sociosite.net/topics/research.php

Stark, P.,  SticiGui©: Statistical Tools for Internet and Classroom Instruction
with a Graphical User Interface,  University of California, Berkeley, 2014:  http://www.stat.Berkeley.EDU/users/stark/SticiGui/index.htm

Survey Documentation and Analysis (SDA), University of California, Berkeley: http://sda.berkeley.edu/index.htm

Trochim, W. - Center for Social Research Methods:   http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/

Software :

RealStat Inc.-  Econometric Solutions for Real Estate Valuation: http://www.realstat.com/

Sociometry : Analytic Technologies-    http://analytictech.com/

System Dynamics Simulation - VENSIM: http://www.vensim.com/ 
Event Structure Analysis - http://www.indiana.edu/~socpsy/ESA/ 

 

Research Ethics in Social Sciences.

References:

Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans. 2010:  http://www.pre.ethics.gc.ca/pdf/eng/tcps2/TCPS_2_FINAL_Web.pdf

Clarke, R., Ethical Issues in the Preparation and Submission of Research Papers in the I.S. Discipline,  Canberra, 2000:  http://www.rogerclarke.com/SOS/ResPubEth.html

Ess, C., Chair, AOIR Ethics Working Committee, 2002, Ethical decision-making and Internet research, Final Report: http://www.aoir.org/reports/ethics.pdf 

Eysenbach G.,  Medicine 2.0: Social Networking, Collaboration, Participation, Apomediation, and Openness, Journal of  Medical  Internet Research 2008;10(3):e22: : http://www.jmir.org/2008/3/e22/
 

Eysenbach, G.,  Report of a Case of Cyberplagiarism- and Reflections on Detecting and Preventing Academic Misconduct Using the Internet,  Journal of Medical Internet Research, 2000: http://www.jmir.org/2000/1/e4/HTML

Milgram, S., Behavioral study of obedience, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, Vol. 67, 1963, 371-378.

Documentary Film “Obedience” (1962) available on YouTube:   Part I,  II,  III

National Research Council,  Science, Technology, and Law Panel,  A Convergence of Science and Law: A Summary Report of the First Meeting of the Science, Technology, and Law Panel,  National Academy Press,  2001: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10174.html

National Research Council, COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND PUBLIC POLICY,  On Being A Scientist: Responsible Conduct In Research, 3rd edition,  National Academy Press, 2009:  http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12192&page=R1

Stern, J., D. Elliott,  The Ethics of Scientific Research: A Guidebook for Course Development, Hanover NH: University Press of New England, 1997:  http://www.dartmouth.edu/~ethics/archives/Stern_Elliott.pdf

United States Department of Energy, Office of Human Radiation Experiments, Human Radiation
Experiments: The Department of Energy Roadmap to the Story and Records, 1995. 
 

Websites:

Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR):  http://www.cpsr.org/

Developing a Framework for Social Science Research Ethics, an ESRC project at the Science and Technology Studies Unit (SATSU), University of York and the School of Social Sciences and Law, Oxford Brookes University: http://www.york.ac.uk/res/ref/kb.htm

Plagiarism.org: http://www.plagiarism.org/

Stanford Prison Experiment: http://www.prisonexp.org/